Valparin (Valproic Acid)
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COMMON CAUSES OF EPILEPSY
Even if you have inherited a tendency to seizures, you will not necessarily develop epilepsy. Nearly always there has to be some other ‘insult’ to the brain, usually in the form of damage through head injury or an infection such as encephalitis or lack of oxygen. This kind of damage to the brain can leave a small ’scar’, which later acts as a focus for seizures Ђ” an area from which seizures can arise. Where the damage is makes a difference to your chances of developing epilepsy: an injury to the frontal and temporal lobes is more likely to cause seizures than damage to the occipital and parietal lobes at the back of the brain.
Childhood epilepsy
When epilepsy develops in infancy or very early in childhood, it is often because there has been some damage to the brain during pregnancy or birth. The damage is usually caused because the baby has been deprived of oxygen, most frequently during the pregnancy, but sometimes during the delivery of the baby. More rarely, damage is due to some developmental defect in the brain.
Seizures due to head injury
Head injury can lead to epilepsy at any age, and is one of the most common causes in young adults. There is usually some loss of memory immediately after a head injury (called posttraumatic amnesia), and one way of measuring the severity of a head injury is by the length of this post-traumatic amnesia. About five per cent of people who have a head injury severe enough to cause loss of memory for half an hour after the injury eventually develop epilepsy. More than half of these have their first fit within one year of the injury, and three-quarters within three years. Seizures can make their first appearance even later than this. If the injury has penetrated the skull the chances of epilepsy developing are much greater.
Epilepsy is less likely to develop, however, when seizures occur soon after the injury (within a week). These early seizures are much less likely to recur, and much more likely to be simple partial seizures, often limited to a twitching in the hand or face.
Seizures due to febrile convulsions
A few people develop complex partial seizures, usually in childhood and less frequently in adolescence, as a result of febrile convulsions in childhood. Febrile convulsions run in families: they are grand mal convulsions which sometimes occur in a few young children when they are running a high temperature. They are nearly always harmless, and most children outgrow them by the time they are three or four years old. But a few children who have very severe or prolonged febrile convulsions do develop epilepsy later in life. This is because during prolonged convulsions the brain may have been temporarily starved of oxygen when the child had difficulty in breathing during a seizure. Such oxygen deprivation can cause brain damage, nearly always in the temporal lobe, which is the part of the brain most easily injured by lack of oxygen. There is some debate as to whether this damage is due entirely to the shortage of oxygen, or whether it actually occurs because there is already some developmental abnormality present in this part of the brain beforehand. In either case the outcome is the same: after a prolonged febrile convulsion this area of the brain is damaged, and from this damage complex partial seizures later arise.
Seizures in adulthood
EpilepsyWhat triggers off a seizure?
Some things are especially likely to trigger off a seizure. Drowsiness, low blood sugar, even boredom may do it for example. So too may sleep (some people have convulsions only when they are asleep). But many people who have epilepsy discover that a convulsion is often sparked off by some specific and trivial trigger. It may be a particular movement, something they see or hear, or even a mental image or thought or feeling. Once you have discovered what it is that is most likely to trigger off your own seizures you will probably be able to avoid these triggers much of the time and so cut down your seizure frequency.
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