Colace (Docusate)
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HOW EVENING PRIMROSE OIL MIGHT BE WORKING IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
1. It stimulates the T-lymphocytes (i.e. it boosts the immune system). Evening primrose oil converts into Prostaglandin El. One of the many beneficial roles of PGE1 is to activate defective T-lymphocytes. It stimulates the normal functioning of this type of white blood cell, which is thought to be defective in MS. The T-suppressor lymphocytes are white blood cells which keep the other parts of the immune system under control and which make sure that the body’s defenses attack foreign materials and not the body’s own tissues. When T-suppressor cells are defective, auto-immune damage frequently occurs. Research has shown that T-suppressor cells are very low in MS patients during a relapse, and PGE1 may help prevent this. It is known that PGE1 has the effect of dampening down the B-lymphocytes which are capable of attacking the central nervous system.
2. It acts as an anti-viral agent. It has long been believed that a virus is implicated in multiple sclerosis. Recent research on evening primrose oil and viral infections shows that essential fatty acids have important virus-killing actions.
Viruses are known to block the conversion of linoleic acid to gammalinolenic acid, probably by immobilizing the delta-6-desaturase enzyme. This may be the reason why people with MS may have normal levels of linoleic acid, but low levels of the metabolites of essential fatty acids.
As evening primrose oil is rich in GLA, it effectively bypasses the metabolic block caused by the virus, as well as acting as a powerful anti-viral agent.
3. It strengthens blood vessel walls. Prostaglandin El is known to strengthen blood vessel walls. This is particularly important in MS because there is growing evidence that in the microcirculation of people with MS the blood vessel walls are breached so that blood – which is toxic to nerve tissue – seeps into the brain. It crosses the blood/brain barrier. If the blood vessel walls are strengthened, they are better able to withstand things like platelets and cholesterol clumping together and sticking to the walls.
Some people believe that partly-digested food is able to get through the intestine walls in people with MS, which may be a factor in food allergies. PGE1 may help here too.
4. It stops the platelets clumping together. In MS there is evidence that the platelets, the small plate-like particles in the blood which help the blood clot, clump together in an abnormal way. PGE1 regulates the platelets and stops them bunching up together, sticking to each other, and to blood vessel walls.
5. It makes faulty red blood cells return to normal. In MS red blood cells are not only very low in essential fatty acids, they are also much bigger than they ought to be, and have a poor ability to regulate the passage of fluids through cell membranes. Evening primrose oil can correct this defect within a matter of months.
Evening primrose oil has also been shown to correct the defect in the mobility of red blood cells. Electrophoretic mobility tests have shown that the red blood cells of people with MS move more slowly than those of healthy people. After several months of evening primrose oil supplements, these red cells have been shown to behave normally.
In a follow-up study of MS patients on long-term treatment with evening primrose oil (Naudicelle), who were also following a diet low in saturated fat, it was found that the mobility of red cells returned to normal. The most responsive cases were those who had experienced frequent relapses.
6. It affects the nervous system. Evening primrose oil provides the kind of structural fats which go to make up parts of the central nervous system. Essential fatty acids are needed for myelin, the nerve sheath which breaks down in MS, but which can be regenerated.
Evening primrose oil affects not only cell membranes but also nerve conduction and the action of nerves via PGE1. This can produce profound changes in the workings of both the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. PGE1 has strong regulating effects on the release of neurotransmitters at nerve endings and also on the postsynaptic actions of the released transmitters.
7. It maintains a healthy balance between the 1 and 2 series prostaglandins. If the body is very low in essential fatty acids, there is a sharp rise in the 2 series PGs, which are made from arachidonic acid. A high level of the 2 series PGs is a feature of various inflammatory disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis and possibly MS. It has been shown that the cerebrospinal fluid from MS patients contains high levels of PGF2alpha.
Once you increase the amount of essential fatty acids in the diet, PGE1 is back on the scene. Enough PGE1 means that there is a healthy balance in the amount of 1 and 2 series PGs being produced.
Another thing that evening primrose oil does is to make it more likely that PGE1 will be produced, as against PG2. In the metabolic pathway of linoleic acid, it encourages the route towards PGE1 at the junction where the road forks after dihomo-gammalinolenic acid.
*31/60/5*
