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NUTRITION: CABBOHYDRATESЂ™ FUNCTIONS
Glucose, fructose, and galactose are the end products of carbohydrate digestion. These single sugars are absorbed from the small intestine into the portal circulation and are carried to the liver.
The form of sugar in the blood is glucose. The blood glucose is rapidly withdrawn by the cells of all body tissues, and is constantly replaced by the liver. The hormone insulin is the primary regulator of the level of sugar in the blood. As soon as the blood sugar rises, the pancreas is stimulated to produce insulin. Three important functions are performed by insulin: (1) the utilization of glucose for energy by the tissues; (2) the conversion of glucose to glycogen in the liver; and (3) the conversion of glucose to fat, as a reserve store of energy.
The amount of carbohydrate in the body at any given moment is about 300 gm (34 lb) or less. Some of this is present in the blood, and the greater amount is stored in the liver and muscles as glycogen. Any carbohydrate in excess of immediate body needs is converted into fat. Carbohydrate has many functions in the body, such as these:
1. The chief function of carbohydrate is to provide energy to carry on the work of the body and heat to maintain the body’s temperature. Glucose is the only form of energy used by the central nervous system, but other tissues also use fats for energy. Glucose and oxygen are carried by the blood to the tissues. In a complex manner involving many enzymes and intermediate reactions, glucose is oxidized to yield the following results:
Glucose + oxygen = energy + carbon dioxide + water.
When tissues require much energy for their work, oxidation of glucose will proceed at a rapid rate. If you run, for example, you begin to breathe rapidly. You are then providing additional oxygen to combine with the extra glucose to meet this energy need. The carbon dioxide produced in this reaction is a waste product that is removed through the lungs. The water that results may be reused by the body in a number of ways or may be eliminated by the kidneys, skin, and lungs.
2. Carbohydrate spares protein. This means that the body needs not burn protein from the diet or from body stores to meet energy needs when carbohydrate is available. Carbohydrates also furnish chemical elements that can be combined with nitrogen to manufacture nonessential amino acids.
3. The complete oxidation of fats requires some carbohydrate. When too little carbohydrate is available, some fatty acids known as ketones accumulate. This condition is seen in poorly regulated diabetic patients, and is known as diabetic acidosis or coma.
4. Nervous tissue, cartilage, and a number of body compounds contain carbohydrate. DNA and RNA, the genetic materials in each cell, contain the monosaccharide ribose. This sugar does not need to be in the diet because the body makes its own supply. Another carbohydrate-containing compound is heparin, which-controls blood clotting.
5. Lactose favors the growth of certain intestinal bacteria that synthesize some of the B-complex vitamins. Lactose also increases the absorption of calcium and phosphorus.
6. Dietary fiber can absorb and hold water. This aids in normal elimination by the formation in the colon of a softer, bulkier stool.
7. Starches and sugars give flavor and variety to the diet, a value that should not be minimized.
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