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MENTAL HEALTH: BEHAVIOR THERAPY
Several years ago, I put a pigeon named Harold into a cage equipped with an electrically controlled feeding trap. By tapping a button, I could open the trap door and let the bird take a corn kernel.
Whenever Harold moved to the right, I’d open the trap door. He would snap up the released corn kernel. Then I’d wait until he turned more to his right. Another bit of corn. Again and again, I fed Harold until he turned completely in a circle.
Without a word, I had changed Harold’s behavior using a technique developed in the 1940s by Dr. B. F. Skinner at Harvard University.
Psychologists have since modified Dr. Skinner’s behavior modification method for use in the counseling room, where they call it behavior therapy.
Today’s behavior therapists “positively reinforce,” or reward, the behavior they want to encourage. With my own grandson, Ethan, I came closest to treating a human being with the technique used on Harold’, the pigeon. I toilet-trained Ethan in 1 day with a method invented by Dr. Nathan Azrin of Nova University in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. I fed Ethan little salted crackers and fruit juice every time he came close to using the toilet. I added lots of love. In a few hours he was toilet trained. (My experience taught me that it is easy to change the mood of 2-year-old children simply by toilet-training them at 18 months, thereby avoiding the conflict between parent and child. The behavior of children in the “terrible twos” can drive parents to distraction.) Many parents scold or spank their children to train them. Such punishment, or negative reinforcement, also brings about the desired behavior. But negative reinforcement breeds hostility; therefore, professional behavior therapists don’t use it.
A troubled family can transform itself with a kind of behavior therapy called family contracting. Each person promises to stop disruptive behavior or to help the others do so. Each parent and child selects a reward, approved by the others. Everyone keeps score. Those who change their behavior get the rewards.
Unlike a psychotherapist, a behavior therapist who treats phobias does not care what originally scared you. Instead, the therapist relaxes you, then has you imagine the feared situation (e.g., riding in an elevator, holding a cat, or swimming).
Dr. Aaron T. Beck, of the University of Pennsylvania, builds up the confidence of depressed patients with a form of behavior therapy called cognitive therapy. It deals with what people think they know.
For example, suppose you think, “I am worthless and no use to anybody.
Who will ever want to marry me?” That’s what you think you know. When you are depressed, everything looks bad. The cognitive therapist would have you write down all of your qualities, good and bad. (“I am not beautiful. I am not tall. But I am friendly. I am smart.”) This therapy confronts you with a balanced, more realistic look at yourself. After several sessions of such exercises, moderate depression lifts. Dr. Albert Ellis, a New York psychologist, discovered this method in parallel to Dr. Beck.
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